Baratus the Fighter is one of the three playable hero classes in Hexen. His attacks consist of a more physically use of his body than the other two characters. The fighter is by far the most straightforward class to play in the game. If it doesn't contact with anything, the flechette will bounce on the floor and then stay idle,.

1. How Long Drugs Stay In Your System
2. Ethyl Hexedrone Vape

Medically reviewed by L. Anderson, PharmD Last updated on May 1, 2017.

Facts Types of tests Workplace testing Drug detection times How long to get results? False positives More resources

Drug Testing Facts

Drug testing is the evaluation of a urine, blood or other type of biological sample to determine if the subject has been using the drug or drugs in question. There are many circumstances that may lead to drug testing:

• Pre-employment drug screening test or random, work-related drug testing to identify on-the-job drug abuse.
• College or professional athletic drug testing.
• Post-accident drug testing - a vehicular or on-the-job accident which may have involved human error and resulted in casualties or property damage.
• Safety-related drug testing - if an employee's job could lead to safety issues if judgement or physical ability were impaired.

Drug testing is often done when applying for employment, especially for positions that may involve federal transportation, airline industries, railways, hospitals, and other workplaces where public safety is of the utmost importance. However, workplace drug testing is now common in general for many U.S. employers to lessen the impact from drug abuse, safety concerns, and low productivity in the workplace.

Prescription drug abuse is a serious problem in the U.S. The Surgeon General, as reported by NIDA, states that alcohol and drug abuse, including tobacco, costs the economy over $740 billion per year. Costs are related to crime, lost work productivity and health care. Over 9.5 million urine drug tests were positive in the U.S. workforce in 2015. The rates increased to 4% of workers tested in 2015 versus 3.9% the year before, per Quest Diagnostics.

A pre-employment drug test is primarily limited to drugs with the potential for abuse, including some prescription drugs, and alcohol. In addition, sports drug testing may be required for college-level, professional and Olympic athletes. Illegal recreational drugs, performance-enhancing drugs such as

• recombinant human growth factors
• alcohol
• other drugs, such as those listed on the World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List

may also be required in sports testing.

Pre-employment workplace drug testing usually requires the applicant to give a urine sample, but may also infrequently require blood, saliva, sweat, or hair.

In certain jobs, especially those that require a high level of safety, employees may be subject to random drug testing, as well. Random drug screening may be used in instances of workplace accidents, and if the employer has suspicion that the employee is abusing drugs. Random drug testing may occur without cause for suspicion depending upon company policy.

Some U.S. companies may offer employee-assistance programs to support substance-abuse treatment, but many employers are not tolerant of this issue and it may result in termination from employment.

What types of laboratory tests are used for drug testing?

It is important to be sure that the drug testing occurs at a reputable and certified laboratory. Any credible drug screening program will involve a two-step process. Initial (immunoassay) and confirmatory (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) - GC-MS test - are the methods most commonly utilized to test for drugs. Using a combination of both tests allows a high level of sensitivity and specificity, meaning there is an extremely low chance for false positives or false negatives.

The immunoassay is performed first and is often used as a screening method. If the immunoassay is negative, no further action is required, and the results are reported as negative. If the sample is positive, an additional confirmatory GC-MS analysis is performed on a separate portion the biological sample, per Lab Tests Online. The more specific GC/MS is used as a confirmatory test to identify individual drug substances or metabolites and quantify the amount of the substance. Confirmatory tests, such as GC-MS should be utilized prior to reporting positive drug test results.

Urine drug testing

Urine is the most common sample type used for drug testing by employers. A urinalysis will show the presence of a drug in the system after the drug effects have worn off; however, the length of time varies by drug. Typical urine drug tests for employment purposes may screen for amphetamines or methamphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, opiates like oxycodone or heroin, nicotine, and alcohol, as reported by The Balance.

Saliva drug testing

Saliva (oral) testing, also called a mouth swab test, may be used if an employer or other tester is interested in knowing about recent drug use, but is not ideal to survey long term use of drugs. Most saliva drug tests can detect most usage within a few hours up to 3 days. Saliva is an easy lab test to gather samples, is less susceptible to adulteration, and can be tested for alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamines.

Blood drug testing

A blood drug test may be used to determine amounts of drug in an employees system at that very moment. A variety of drugs can be tested for in blood: amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamines, opiates, nicotine, and alcohol. Blood testing is invasive but there is little chance for adulteration. Blood testing may be performed in the emergency room for toxicology testing, as well.

Hair drug testing

Hair testing may be used to determine drug use over the longer term, usually over a 90-day period of time. Hair can be tested for cocaine, marijuana, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, and alcohol.

What happens during workplace drug testing?

An applicant is notified that pre-employment drug testing will need to take place as part of the application process, and may have to present to the laboratory within a specified time frame, for example within 24 hours, to lessen the chance that drugs in their system will be excreted and undetectable. Applicants are directed to a specific laboratory to submit a sample for drug screening (usually for urine test results).

Once at the facility, the applicant must submit a sample at the discretion of the laboratory personnel and in keeping with their standard policies. Hair, sweat, saliva or blood drug test samples may also be used in pre-employment drug screen, although this is not common practice, per Lab Tests Online.

During the laboratory evaluation, strict chain-of-custody practices and standards are followed to prevent adulteration of the sample. This legal procedure requires documentation of each person who handles the specimen through the entire phase of testing. Certain laboratory procedures may require direct visual observation while the specimen is being voided.

5 Panel Drug Test

Employers may use a standard five-panel test of 'street drugs' that includes:

• opiates (e.g., codeine, morphine, heroin)
• amphetamines (e.g., methamphetamine).

10 Panel Drug Test

Some employers may elect a nine- or ten-panel drug test that also includes various prescription drugs, such as:

• oxycodone, methadone or other narcotic prescription drugs
• MDMA (Ecstacy)

Alcohol drug testing may also occur. Other more recent designer drugs of abuse may be included. Which drug test is used is dependent upon the private employer, federal requirements, or other workplace guidelines that may be in place, per US Healthworks and MobileHealth.

Who are the companies that drug test?

• Laboratory Corp of America Holdings
• Quest Diagnostics Inc.
• National Toxicology Labs, Inc.
• Phamatech, Inc.
• Lenexa

Other companies that are used for federal workplace dug testing can be found by state at SAMHSA.gov.

How long do drugs stay in your system?

Many variables may affect the amount of time that a drug remains detectable in the urine or other biological samples, including:

• a drug's half-life
• subject's state of hydration and fluid balance
• frequency of drug use
• route of administration
• cut-off concentration used by the testing lab to detect the drug.

General guidelines are available for detection times. Many drugs stay in the system from 2 to 4 days, although chronic use of marijuana can stay in the system for 3 to 4 weeks or even longer after the last use.

Drugs with a long half-life, such as diazepam, may also stay in the system for a prolonged period of time. Drugs can be detected in hair samples up to six months, although urine drug screen tests are used for most workplace drug screens. Examples of drugs that can be detected in hair-testing include alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and amphetamines.

Drug Test Chart and Drug Detection Times*

*Note: This table should be used as a general guideline only. Many variables may affect the amount of time that a drug remains detectable in the urine or other biological samples, as noted by LabCorp and in the Drugs of Abuse Reference Guide.

How long does alcohol stay in urine?

Some employees may ask does alcohol show up on a drug test? Alcohol has a short half-life in the urine. A urine drug test for alcohol may detect alcohol for 2 to 12 hours.

How long does it take to get drug test results?

Results from workplace drug testing are fairly quick and can usually be received in a few days. An employer may also request to have the test done with a rapid test that can provide results on the same day. Negative results are usually received within 24 hours; however, a positive screen will require further testing that may take a few days up to one week.

If the initial screen is negative, a medical review officer (MRO) will typically contact the employer with the results. If a positive result occurs, a MRO will contact the applicant for further questioning. It is important to notify the laboratory or MRO of any medications currently in use, including prescription, over-the-counter or herbal medications. The applicant may have to provide proof of a valid prescription and prescriber information for prescription medications.

Can a workplace drug test be false positive or false negative?

A concern for anyone undergoing drug testing is the possibility of a false positive result. Initial screening drugs tests may infrequently result in false positive results, although confirmatory (GC-MS) testing greatly lessens the chances of a false positive - reducing the risk to close to zero.

It is important that a person undergoing drug testing complete an accurate history of all prescription, OTC, and herbal drug use prior to the time of the sample collection. Certain substances, over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription drugs may result in false positives due to cross-reactivity with other substances, although many assays have been reformulated to avoid these possibilities.

Do poppy seeds cause a false positive drug test?

Poppy seeds and dextromethorphan have been reported to lead to a false positive result for opiates. Decongestants (ephedrine) have been implicated in causing false positives for amphetamines. The body metabolizes codeine to morphine and both substances may be found upon testing.

What can cause a false positive for cocaine?

If benzoylecgonine, the main metabolite of cocaine is detected, the person cannot claim that the result is a false positive due to Novocaine or any other '-caine' type of drug. Benzoylecgonine is only found in nature as a metabolite of cocaine, and there would be no other valid reason for it to be present in a drug screen. As previously mentioned, confirmatory testing with GC-MS will identify individual drugs or metabolites in a sample, and almost eliminate the chance for a false positive result. (Doering, et al)

Does passive smoke inhalation cause a false positive for marijuana?

'Passive' smoke inhalation from being in a room with people smoking marijuana is not considered valid, as the cut-off concentrations for lab analysis are set well above that which might occur for passive inhalation.

Other abnormalities in the urine screen may indicate that results may be a false negative or that there was deliberate adulteration of the sample. For example:

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• a low creatinine lab value can indicate that a urine sample was tampered with; either the subject diluted their urine by consuming excessive water just prior to testing, or water was added to the urine sample.
• creatinine levels are often used in conjunction with specific gravity to determine if samples have been diluted. To help avoid this problem, the testing lab may color the water in their toilet blue to prevent the sample being diluted with water from the toilet.
• subjects may also attempt to add certain enzymes to the urine sample to affect stability, but this often changes the pH, which is also tested.

All of these variables, and others, are looked at in the lab analysis.

In some labs, patients who receive a positive result may have the option to pay for an independent retest of the urine sample that was originally submitted. A new urine sample is not allowed for the retest as the drug in question may have been excreted from the body by that time.

The results of drug testing should remain confidential and kept separate from the regular employee work file.

Can Employers Still Drug Test in States Where Marijuana Is Legal?

Yes. Legal rules vary from state to state where marijuana is now legal for recreational use. Also, as marijuana stays in the system over a prolonged period of time, the employee may use marijuana legally, but be drug tested at a later time and lose their job. In general, according to Law360, marijuana legalization laws in states where it is legal support employers in drug testing for marijuana use and firing people for it. Marijuana use is still illegal under federal law, and many employers prefer to maintain their drug-free workplace policies.

See Also

Sources

• Drug Testing. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Accessed May 1. 2017 at https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics#supplemental-references-for-economic-costs
• Jupe N. Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Index: Drug Positivity in U.S. Workforce Rises to Highest Level in a Decade. Quest Diagnostics. Sept. 15, 2016. Accessed May 1, 2017 at https://blog.employersolutions.com/drug-testing-index-drug-positivity-highest-level/
• Doering, PL, Boothbay LA. Drug Testing in the Workplace: What the pharmacist should know. Drug Topics (Modern Medicine) 2003;147:63.
• US HealthWorks Medical Group. Instant Drug Testing / Breath Alcohol Testing. Accessed May 1, 2017 at https://www.ushealthworks.com/Services/Occupational-Medicine/Drug-Testing.html
• LabCorp. Drugs of Abuse Reference Guide. Accessed March 18, 2017. https://www.labcorpsolutions.com/images/Drugs_of_Abuse_Reference_Guide_Flyer_3166.pdf
• Fottrell Q. The number of American workers testing positive for drugs hits a 10-year high. Marketwatch. March 14, 2017. Accessed March 18, 2017 at https://www.marketwatch.com/story/americas-prescription-drug-epidemic-is-a-worsening-problem-for-employers-2017-03-13
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014. Accessed March 17, 2017 at https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/full-report.pdf
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Excessive Drinking Costs U.S. $223.5 Billion. Accessed March 17, 2017 at https://www.cdc.gov/features/alcoholconsumption/.
• National Drug Intelligence Center. National Drug Threat Assessment. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice; 2011. https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs44/44849/44849p.pdf
• MobileHealth.net. Drug Test Detection Period. Accessed May 1, 2017 at https://www.mobilehealth.net/drug-test-detection-period/
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). State List of HHS Certified Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities. Updated April 03, 2017. Accessed May 1, 2017 at https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/workplace/state-certified-labs-list-april-2017.pdf
• Wagner E. Can Employers Still Drug Test Where Marijuana Is Legal?. Accessed May 1, 2017 at https://www.law360.com/articles/874547
• The Balance. What You Should Know About Pre-Employment Drug Testing. Accessed May 1, 2017 at https://www.thebalancecareers.com/drug-and-alcohol-tests-for-employment-2060409

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

What benzene is

• Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature. It has a sweet odor and is highly flammable.
• Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly. Its vapor is heavier than air and may sink into low-lying areas.
• Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on top of water.

Where benzene is found and how it is used

• Benzene is formed from both natural processes and human activities.
• Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.
• Benzene is widely used in the United States. It ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.
• Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers. Benzene is also used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

How you could be exposed to benzene

• Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions.
• Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air. The benzene in indoor air comes from products that contain benzene such as glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents.
• The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas.
• Benzene leaks from underground storage tanks or from hazardous waste sites containing benzene can contaminate well water.
• People working in industries that make or use benzene may be exposed to the highest levels of it.
• A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke.

How benzene works

• Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly. For example, it can cause bone marrow not to produce enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia. Also, it can damage the immune system by changing blood levels of antibodies and causing the loss of white blood cells.
• The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person.

Immediate signs and symptoms of exposure to benzene

• People who breathe in high levels of benzene may develop the following signs and symptoms within minutes to several hours:
  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
  • Rapid or irregular heartbeat
  • Headaches
  • Tremors
  • Confusion
  • Unconsciousness
  • Death (at very high levels)
• Eating foods or drinking beverages containing high levels of benzene can cause the following symptoms within minutes to several hours:
  • Vomiting
  • Irritation of the stomach
  • Dizziness
  • Sleepiness
  • Convulsions
  • Rapid or irregular heartbeat
  • Death (at very high levels)
• If a person vomits because of swallowing foods or beverages containing benzene, the vomit could be sucked into the lungs and cause breathing problems and coughing.
• Direct exposure of the eyes, skin, or lungs to benzene can cause tissue injury and irritation.
• Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to benzene.

Long-term health effects of exposure to benzene

• The major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on the blood. (Long-term exposure means exposure of a year or more.) Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia. It can also cause excessive bleeding and can affect the immune system, increasing the chance for infection.
• Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for many months had irregular menstrual periods and a decrease in the size of their ovaries. It is not known whether benzene exposure affects the developing fetus in pregnant women or fertility in men.
• Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene.
• The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that benzene causes cancer in humans. Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, cancer of the blood-forming organs.

How Long Drugs Stay In Your System

How you can protect yourself, and what to do if you are exposed to benzene

• First, if the benzene was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the benzene was released. Moving to an area with fresh air is a good way to reduce the possibility of death from exposure to benzene in the air.
  • If the benzene release was outside, move away from the area where the benzene was released.
  • If the benzene release was indoors, get out of the building.
• If you are near a release of benzene, emergency coordinators may tell you to either evacuate the area or to “shelter in place” inside a building to avoid being exposed to the chemical. For more information on evacuation during a chemical emergency, see “Facts About Evacuation.” For more information on sheltering in place during a chemical emergency, see “Facts About Sheltering in Place.”
• If you think you may have been exposed to benzene, you should remove your clothing, rapidly wash your entire body with soap and water, and get medical care as quickly as possible.
• Removing your clothing
  • Quickly take off clothing that may have benzene on it. Any clothing that has to be pulled over the head should be cut off the body instead of pulled over the head.
  • If you are helping other people remove their clothing, try to avoid touching any contaminated areas, and remove the clothing as quickly as possible.
• Washing yourself
  • As quickly as possible, wash any benzene from your skin with large amounts of soap and water. Washing with soap and water will help protect people from any chemicals on their bodies.
  • If your eyes are burning or your vision is blurred, rinse your eyes with plain water for 10 to 15 minutes. If you wear contacts, remove them after washing your hands and put them with the contaminated clothing. Do not put the contacts back in your eyes (even if they are not disposable contacts). If you wear eyeglasses, wash them with soap and water. You can put your eyeglasses back on after you wash them.
• Disposing of your clothes
  • After you have washed yourself, place your clothing inside a plastic bag. Avoid touching contaminated areas of the clothing. If you can’t avoid touching contaminated areas, or you aren’t sure where the contaminated areas are, wear rubber gloves or put the clothing in the bag using tongs, tool handles, sticks, or similar objects. Anything that touches the contaminated clothing should also be placed in the bag.
  • Seal the bag, and then seal that bag inside another plastic bag. Disposing of your clothing in this way will help protect you and other people from any chemicals that might be on your clothes.
  • When the local or state health department or emergency personnel arrive, tell them what you did with your clothes. The health department or emergency personnel will arrange for further disposal. Do not handle the plastic bags yourself.
• For more information about cleaning your body and disposing of your clothes after a chemical release, see “Chemical Agents: Facts About Personal Cleaning and Disposal of Contaminated Clothing.”
• If you think your water supply may have benzene in it, drink bottled water until you are sure your water supply is safe.
• If someone has swallowed benzene, do not try to make them vomit or give them fluids to drink. Also, if you are sure the person has swallowed benzene, do not attempt CPR. Performing CPR on someone who has swallowed benzene may cause them to vomit. The vomit could be sucked into their lungs and damage their lungs.
• Seek medical attention right away. Dial 911 and explain what has happened.

How benzene poisoning is treated

Benzene poisoning is treated with supportive medical care in a hospital setting. No specific antidote exists for benzene poisoning. The most important thing is for victims to seek medical treatment as soon as possible.

How you can get more information about benzene

People can contact one of the following:

• Regional poison control center: 1-800-222-1222
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Public Response Hotline (CDC)
    • 800-CDC-INFO
    • 888-232-6348 (TTY)
  • E-mail inquiries: cdcinfo@cdc.gov

Ethyl Hexedrone Vape

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards